Transaxle
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In the automotive field, a transaxle is a major mechanical component that combines the functionality of the transmission, the differential, and associated components of the driven axle into one integrated assembly.
Transaxles are near universal in all automobile configurations that have the engine placed at the same end of the car as the driven wheels: the front-engine, front-wheel drive layout, rear-engine, rear-wheel drive layout and rear mid-engine, rear-wheel drive layout arrangements.
Many mid- and rear-engined vehicles use a transverse engine and transaxle, similar to a front wheel drive unit. Others use a longitudinal engine and transaxle like Ferrari's 1989 Mondial t which used a "t" arrangement with a longitudinal engine connected to a transverse transaxle, a design the company continues to this day. Front-wheel drive versions of modern Audis, from the A4 upwards, along with their related marques from the Volkswagen Group (which share the same automobile layout) also use a similar layout, but with the transaxle also mounted longitudinally.
Front-engine, rear-wheel drive transaxles
Front-engine, rear-wheel drive vehicles tend to have the transmission up front just after the engine, but sometimes a front engine drives a rear-mounted transaxle. This is generally done for reasons of weight distribution, and is therefore common on sports cars. Another advantage is that as the driveshaft spins at engine speed it only has to endure the torque of the engine, instead of that torque multiplied by the 1st gear ratio. This design was pioneered in the 1934 koda Popular, and then in the 1950 Lancia Aurelia, designed by the legendary Vittorio Jano.
Since this placement of the gearbox is unsuitable for a live axle (due to excessive unsprung weight), the rear suspension is either independent, or uses a de Dion tube (notably in the Alfa Romeos). Rare exceptions to this rule were the Bugatti T46 and T50 which had a three speed gearbox on a live axle.
The Nissan GT-R is unique in that it uses a rear transaxle with an AWD layout, the transaxle in this case also contains the differential sending power back to the front wheels via a separate driveshaft.
Notable Front-engine, rear-wheel drive layout vehicles with a transaxle design include:
- 18981910 De Dion Bouton
- 19141939 Stutz Bearcat
- 19291936 Bugatti Type 46
- 19341944 koda Popular
- 19501958 Lancia Aurelia
- 19511956 Pegaso Z-102
- 19571970 Lancia Flaminia
- 19611963 Pontiac Tempest
- 19641968 Ferrari 275
- 19631968 Ferrari 330
- 19681973 Ferrari 365 GTB/4 "Daytona"
- 19721987 Alfa Romeo Alfetta
- 19741987 Alfa Romeo GTV/Alfa Romeo GTV6
- 19761988 Porsche 924
- 19761991 Volvo 300 series
- 19771985 Alfa Romeo Giulietta
- 19781995 Porsche 928
- 19821995 Porsche 944 and Porsche 968
- 19841987 Alfa Romeo 90
- 19851992 Alfa Romeo 75
- 19891991 Alfa Romeo SZ/RZ
- 19922003 Ferrari 456
- 19962005 Ferrari 550/575M
- 19972004 Chevrolet Corvette C5
- 19971999 Panoz Esperante GTR-1
- 19972002 Plymouth Prowler
- 19982005 Shelby Series 1
- 2003date Aston Martin DB9
- 20042009 Cadillac XLR
- 20042013 Chevrolet Corvette C6
- 20042011 Ferrari 612 Scaglietti
- 20042012 Maserati Quattroporte
- 2005date Aston Martin V8 Vantage
- 20062012 Ferrari 599 GTB Fiorano
- 20072010 Alfa Romeo 8C Competizione
- 2007date Maserati GranTurismo/GranCabrio
- 2008date Ferrari California/California T
- 20092012 Lexus LF-A
- 2010date Aston Martin Rapide
- 20102013 Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG
- 2011date Ferrari FF
- 2012date Aston Martin Vanquish
- 2012date Ferrari F12berlinetta
- 2013date V8 Supercars [1]
- 2014date Chevrolet Corvette C7
- 2014date Mercedes-AMG GT
Rear-engine, rear-wheel drive transaxles
Volkswagen and later Porsche made extensive use of transaxles in their rear (and mid) engined vehicles, including:
- 19211925 Rumpler Tropfenwagen
- 19382003 Volkswagen Beetle
- 19401945 Volkswagen Kubelwagen (Type 82)
- 19411944 Volkswagen Schwimmwagen (Type 166)
- 19481965 Porsche 356
- 1950present Volkswagen Type 2
- 19551974 Volkswagen Karmann Ghia
- 19601969 Chevrolet Corvair [2]
- 19611973 Volkswagen Type 3
- 1963present Porsche 911
- 19641969 koda 1000 MB
- 19651969, 1976 Porsche 912
- 19681974 Volkswagen Type 4
- 19691976 Porsche 914 (mid-engined)
- 19691980 koda 100, koda 110 R
- 19751989 Porsche 930
- 19761990 koda 120, koda 130, koda Garde, koda Rapid (1984)
- 19811982 DeLorean DMC-12
- 2013present Praga R1 (mid-engined)
Four-wheel drive
All Audi cars with longitudinal engines and their 'trademark' quattro four-wheel drive (4WD) system, along with their related marques from the Volkswagen Group which share the same layout, utilise a transaxle. This is mounted immediately behind the front-mounted engine (again, longitudinally) and contains the 'gearbox' (manual, automatic, DSG, or CVT), along with both the centre differential, and the front differential and final drive unit.
Other 4WD applications include:
- 19841986 Ford RS200 mid-engined, with the gearbox in the front;
- 1989-2001 Mitsubishi 3000GT - front engined, gearbox (transmission, front and centre diff) in the front;
- 2007on Nissan GT-R front-engined, with the gearbox in the rear.
See also
- Hybrid Synergy Drive
References
- ^ The Future is Now The New Gen V8 Supercar
- ^ GM Heritage: The First Corvair
- Automotive transmission technologies
- Auto parts
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